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'Maritime Noise Concerns Non-Obstacles IAntenna wash-over Choose appropriate non-conductive housing Water has small attenuation at UHF Ground-plane issues Appropriate choice of antenna: Quadrifilar Helix has small sensitivity to ground plane Helical antenna is very sensitive to ground plane`MjMj &(Maritime Noise Concerns Non-Obstacles IIWater aerosols Water has little attenuation in UHF band (Atmospheric water effects become serious above ~2-4 GHz) UUV rocking Motions are too small to disrupt signals Motions are too slow for Doppler effectsLc Rc RCharacteristic Length ScalesJWave Heights: 2 m RF Wavelength: 1 m (@ 300 MHz) Surface Roughness: 0.1 m Characteristic Time ScalesWave times: ~5-10 s SATCOM frames: 8.96 s, made of 1024 blocks [5 kHz waveform] 1.3866 s, made of 0.052 ms time chips [25 kHz waveform] Geo propagation time: 500 ms SATCOM blocks: 8.75 ms blocks in 5 kHz waveform; variable number/channel 0.052 ms  time chips in 25 kHz waveform; channel format varies but order of 100 might be typical ATM packet size: ~2.5 ms IP packets are 4 to 10 times larger, but variable Symbol size: ~0.05 ms (@ 19.6 bits/second)H$PeP,PPP2P+P '03Z2 $!Maritime Noise Concerns ObstaclesSmall look angle to satellite > Wave obscuring Ocean-surface roughness Nature of the RF channelB`$$@ Satellite Elevation vs. Latitude Waves Obscuring LOSKFading by attenuation at small look angles; some multipath at large look angles Operations in northern latitudes: near-horizon viewing of SATCOM satellites Operations in sea-state four: wave heights of 1.25 to 2.5 meters (average = 1 PI) Depth of fades: ~7 dB @ 1 GHz Wave period: 5 to 10 seconds Time scale of fades: ~1-3 secondsLZK,!Ocean Surface RoughnessFading effects from multi-path interference Length scales of ~0.1 meter mean less interaction with UHF signals Most serious at very small look angles- Nature of the RF Channel"The RF channel is principally a fading channel (Rayleigh channel, or channel with memory), and not a noisy channel (AWGN channel, or memoryless channel) BER has limited utility Memory channels are much more difficult to simulate (Markov chains) Much less research exists for fading channels/"Protocol StrategyLook at low-level protocol strategies that will have the greatest utility in mitigating the predominantly fading maritime-communications channel.# BER vs. S/N  Tradeoffs DiscussedUUV System Configuration Satellite Access Methods Physical Layer: Modulation Physical Layer: Coding Link-Layer Directions & Recommendations3#UUV System Configuration~Antenna Type of antenna Housing for antenna Antenna on mast Antenna diversity Power A system issue that affects RF performanceLF+F+Satellite Access Methods@Single-User Channels Frequency Division: FDMA Code Division: CDMA Spread-spectrum approach would be challenging in satellite environment because of dynamic signal balancing R Time Division: TDMA [& GSM] Provides adequate multi-use capabilities Mature technology Compatible with SATCOM, although different specifications may be desirable~BZlZZZBblbbb!System-Level SchematicBits rate vs. Symbol rate Physical Layer: Modulation"@`@(Modulation Tradeoff)Channel Coding & Forward Error Correction**`Channel coding describes the process by which a logical bit stream gets turned into a modulated signal suitable for transmission of the desired information. Forward Error Correction (FEC) describes coding techniques that encode the bit stream so that errors in the received bit stream can be corrected. Coding & FEC all take place in the lowest layer of the protocol stack, transforming a bit stream into its most desirable form for modulating the carrier for transmission. The benefit of an FEC technique is described as its coding gain. FEC is not the same as error detection (e.g., CRC bits). Not all channel coding is FEC (e.g., NRZI).VZ/bIbb[bB)FEC Techniques & Tradeoffs`Block Codes, which operate on blocks of symbols, are generally better on block errors Hamming Codes BCH codes Reed-Solomon Coding R Convolutional Codes, which operate on the stream of bits, are generally better on bit errors Convolutional Codes R Viterbi Decoding R Turbo Codes (Turbo anything is very hot) Turbo Product Codes Coding gains are generally 2  3 dB0VP.P]PfP$PVbbbbb]b b  b bbb>b$ b C*Reed-Solomon Coding IRS coding operates on a block of symbols, not modifying it but adding additional bits to the stream that can correct errors in the block. RS(n,k) n encoded symbols; k message symbols t = (n  k)/2 symbols can be corrected The degree of error correction depends on the number of added bits (2t). Adding bits increases bandwidth overhead.<ZLZsZLsH-Reed-Solomon Coding IIRIn principal: Modern theoretical treatments of Reed-Solomon coding use Galois group theory [GF(28)]! In brief: combinations of correcting bits can efficiently identify erroneous combinations of information bits In practice: The algorithms are widely available as firmware. NASA specifies RS(255,239) or RS(255, 223) for deep-space missions. R We recommend RS(255,239) for its generally good performance and easy availability.B` TW0Block Code Performance IX1Block Code Performance IID+Convolutional Encoding ConceptL/&Convolutional Encoding CharacteristicsOperational choices: Constraint length (length of shift register) Generating polynomials (useful constraint lengths are generally known to have optimal choices) Symbol rate (determined by number of adders) Puncturing (to increase the symbol rate at the cost of decoding difficulty) Our recommendation, again, is based on simplicity, easy availability and, in this case, SATCOM compatibility. We recommend: R Constraint length 7 R Rate to be determined, but and are commonPP|PFP|/E,1Viterbi Decoding (with Soft-Decoding Information)Concatenation ConceptZ`The Importance of InterleavingZ`^Interleaving effectively transforms block errors into bit errors. Interleaving is neither error-correcting or error-detecting; it is an error avoidance technique. There is no coding gain associated with interleaving The tradeoff in choosing the size of the interleaver is between time scale of bit dispersal and tolerable delay times in transmission._Z_bRecommended ConcatenationZ`R Reed-Solomon Outer Code RS(255, 239) R Large-Order Interleaving Scale to be determined by communication constraints, but scaled to be effective against fading from waves R Convolutional Inner Code Constraint length 7 Rate to Viterbi decoder with soft-decision Coding gain ~5 dB => BER reduction from ~10-3 to 10-9DP PPjPPCP7Pb b b j b bCb,bjbjPhysical Layer Diagram` Link Layer Recommendations   Minimize Automatic Retransmit Request (ARQ) Reserve it for higher-level protocols Minimize handshaking Recognize transmission delay times Build a delay-tolerant networkN,Z&ZWZ,b&bWb8$ Metaframing Z `A concept we introduced in the proposal, but didn t develop in Phase I Not SATCOM compatible, but similar in framework. Requires: Good receiver timing and clock synchronization Reconsideration of guard times Data backcapture to achieve gains&ppHierarchy of Recommendations Easy Implement within UHF SATCOM TDMA/DAMA capability Medium Protocols beyond SATCOM capabilities Possibly implemented over dedicated SATCOM channels May require new radios May affect UUV system design Hard Not compatible with existing SATCOM specificationsZ1ZZZZ3Zb1bbbb3  9%Easy RecommendationsZ`Use Quadrifilar Helix Antenna Use existing TDMA/DAMA satellite access Use existing QPSK Modulation Use existing convolutional inner code length 7, rate or Add additional interleaving and RS(255,239) outer code if possible@C7 :&Medium RecommendationsZ`Implement antenna diversity Implement in custom-designed radio: Full concatenated channel coding: Reed-Solomon outer code: RS(255, 238) Interleaving (depth to be determined) Convolutional inner code: length 7, rate or Viterbi decoder with soft-decoding Define delay-tolerant link-layer through transport-layer protocols. 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B-5$BB Z 3  " BB [B 3   BB \ 3  " BB ]B 3   BB ^ 3 Y "Z BB _B 3 Y Z BB ` 3 / "0 BB aB 3 / 0 BB b 3  " BB cB 3   BB d 3  " BB eB 3   BB f 3  " BB gB 3   BB h 3  " BB iB 3   BB j 3  " BB kB 3   BB l 3  3 BB mB 3    n <5;U|   B10$  o <d:;X   B-4$BB p 3 8 "9 BB qB 3 8 9 BB r 3 "BB sB 3 BB t 3 "BB uB 3 BB v 3 "BB wB 3 BB x 3 u"vBB yB 3 uvBB z 3 ["\BB {B 3 [\BB | 3 A"BBB }B 3 ABBB ~ 3 ,"-BB B 3 ,-BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 3BB B 3   <B;UU B10$   <G;  B-3$BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 T"UBB B 3 TUBB  3 " BB B 3  BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 |"}BB B 3 |}BB  3 |3}BB B 3 |}  <P;UB B10$   <U;j B-2$BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 ["\BB B 3 [\BB  3 ;"<BB B 3 ;<BB  3 !""BB B 3 !"BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 3BB B 3   <^;U B10$   <`c; B-1$BB  3 c"dBB B 3 cdBB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 "BB B 3 BB  3 l"mBB B 3 lmBB  3 W"XBB B 3 WXBB œ 3 G"HBB ÜB 3 GHBB Ĝ 3 G3HBB ŜB 3 GH Ɯ <pl;U  B10$  ǜ <@q;6 A0$BB Ȝ 3 GHBB ɜ 3   BB ʜ 3 G BB ˜ 3 G  ͜ B< CDE,F4 :Krt:d7Mm< @ S N Μ S .!N Ϝ S 1[N ќ S N Ҝ S GN Ӝ S N Ԝ S   9N ՜ S   N ֜ S  z N ל S y w N ؜ S c N ٜ S R- W   ڜ B CmDE<FD4Y tfdMm< %&  3  m @  ۜ B8C*DEF*8* @`SH} ܜ B8C*DEF*8* @`h2 ݜ B8C*DEF*8* @`! ޜ B8C+DEF+8+ @`  ߜ B8C*DEF*8* @`  B7C*DEF*7* @`  @  B8C*DEF*8* @` _   B7C*DEF*7* @`    B7C*DEF*7* @`t - W  B8C*DEF*8* @`]    B7C*DEF*7* @`Mx  B8C*DEF*8* @`6`n  B8C*DEF*8* @`% ]   B8C+DEF+8+ @` G   B8C+DEF+8+ @` 6   B}; CBER$  <;nh J QPSK(BPSK)$    <;nF PNon-coherent FSK$ HB  C  *1+N  S   ?HB  C  1  B8C*DEF*8* @`    <L;i @ AE$   <;  g Ab$   <,; 8 @ B/N$   <;< ` g Ao$   < ;i 1 @ E (dB)$ `B  0Dj  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m   0@$(  @r @ S \?wG  ? r @ S 0?,\ ? H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m   P$(  r  S `?wG  ? r  S ? ? H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m  p8$(  8r 8 S ?wG  ? r 8 S `?w ? H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +     x (  r  S ?wG  ?   < ?@P FBit-Stream To Packet  <j@0 P BChannel Encoding  <j@p0P _ Mod. & Xmit    <xj   FPacket to Bit-Stream  <? 0  BChannel Decoding  <j p0  ARec. & De-Mod.RB  s *D00 0RB  s *D0 p0RB  @ s *D p RB  @ s *D 0 RB  s *DPPP@RB  s *D PP   0j@`  <Air Link 2 RB  s *Do   0j  @Physical Layer  08j`  < Link Layer H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  (  r  S %jw  j  8    PP TB  c $D TB  c $D TB  c $D TB  c $DMM TB  c $D  TB   c $D  TB   c $D  TB   c $D     0)j  MSymbol Transmissions (baud) 2  B CDE(F0AA 000000` ` @P  0X.j FBi-state: 1 bit/symbol  0/j   E4-state: 2 bit/symbol  B CDE0F0AA PP4 4@   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  <C,`(  ,r , S L7j  j 8 p  ,0 pTB , c $D@@pTB , c $DZ2 , s *Z2 , s * , 0H:jP0P 5I 2  , 0x>j 5Q 2RB  , s *D00pRB  , s *D X2 , 0X2 , 0  , 6Bj0@P 5I 2 , 6Fj 5Q 22 , 6Ij@` *2 , 6Mj`@ * , 0dQj @ 30 2 , 0Tj @@ 31 2 , 0Wj  400 2 , 0H[j p 411 2 , 0^j 0  401 2 , 0aj0 410 2LB , c $DP `` LB , c $D  R2 , s * f0 R2 , s * 0  , 0, s *0  R2 ?, s * J  @, 0j @ 6BPSK 2 A, 0j @ P QPSK R( 2 B, 0j` @f  j M-ary PSK 2  C, 0j` @f  ? Trellis-coded 2H , 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +#  :2T(  Tr T S XjP  j  T 0j@  >The result from information theory limits information rate/bandwidth (i.e., baud rate), but not bits/second, which can be increased with a compensating increase in transmit power. Higher-order modulation techniques are useful for bandwidth-limited applications, but we recommend QPSK R.^ + H T 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.< [+D=' = @B +}  l$(  lr l S jA  j r l S tjPp j H l 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.m9+D=' = @B +  0`0(  `x ` c $ȴjA  j x ` c $j  j H ` 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.m9+D=' = @B +} # Pd$(  dr d S jP  j r d S Hj j H d 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.?I!+D=' = @B +  `0(  x  c $jP  j x  c $pj: j H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.?I!+D=' = @B + $ (  r  S jP  j L  C $A graphh6J  6j  XGraph by K. Azadet IEEE 802.3 High-Speed Study Group Plenary meeting, Montreal July 1999YY  GH  0޽h ? ̙33 % (  N  C &Agraph2r  S jP  j   6ja  XGraph by K. Azadet IEEE 802.3 High-Speed Study Group Plenary meeting, Montreal July 1999YY  GH  0޽h ? ̙33  &h(  hr h S TjP  j  h 0Dmd4  51 h 6mI4  52 h 6m 4  53  h 6h mX 4  54  h 6|j >4  55  h 0m4  6&   h 64mM4  5nRB  h s *DpmpRB h s *DppRB h s *DpApRB h s *Dp ` pRB h s *Dp pRB h s *DpFpRB h s *DpCp h 0Xm< (X6 b.Constraint length (n); rate (1/2); puncturing./ 2/2 h 6m  5+2 h 6m/   5+RB h s *D RB h s *DY RB h s *D@ @ RB h s *D RB h s *D<  RB  h s *D4  b RB !h@ s *D4 o 7 RB "h@ s *D4  RB #h s *D` `RB $h s *D   %h <<(m RXmit a &h <4-m:   RXmit bH h 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.?p@3+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S 4mP  m r  S 4m_ m H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.H$ N+D=' = @B +  19p,(  pr p S 0@mP  m  p 0EmU  bIn principal: Maximum-Likelihood Estimation In practice: Algorithms available in firmware R Soft-decoding uses signal strength to assist in decision making, for a gain of ~2 dB.@ZV8 q#   pt Z2 p s *q#Z2 p s *"Z2 p s *#JZ2  p s *6 # F q#   p  G Z2  p s *q#Z2  p s *"Z2 p s *#JZ2 p s *6 # F q#  p l Z2 p s *q#Z2 p s *"Z2 p s *#JZ2 p s *6 # F q#  p ? Z2 p s *q#Z2 p s *"Z2 p s *#JZ2 p s *6 #  p 0lPm$ J   DRec. bitstream 2RB p s *D c  F q#  p q^ Z2 p s *q#Z2 p s *"Z2  p s *#JZ2 !p s *6 #  "p 0VmZp :etc. 2 #p 0Zm  G 811 2 $p 0]mh HO 810 2 %p 0 am G 801 2 &p 0ldm H  800 2RB 'p s *DNvRB (p s *DNp@RB )p s *D RB +p s *D  RB ,p s *Dp RB -p s *D @ @RB .p s *D@ RB /p s *D ` RB 3p s *Dp@ RB 4p s *D  @RB 5p s *Dp ` RB 6p s *D@ _ RB 8p s *D RB 9p s *D ` H p 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.?C+D=' = @B +   $t(  tx t c $lomP  m  t 0Xpm!o jIf one coding scheme is good, wouldn t two be better?66 t 0\umpog  ^In fact, Reed-Solomon and Convolutional Encoding are complementary and commonly used together._(2_H t 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.mp5 &+D=' = @B + & -/p(  pr p S ,|mwG  m r p S }m PJ  m 48 s'"  ps'" TB p c $Ds'sTB p c $D^'^TB p c $DJ'JTB p c $D6 '6 TB  p c $D" '" TB  p c $Ds! TB  p c $Dxsx! TB  p c $Dcsc! TB  p c $DOsO! TB p c $D:s:! TB p c $D&s&! RB p s *DzRB p s *DwRB p s *DwRB p s *D w RB p s *D +RB p s *D&1RB p s *D&1RB p s *D % RB p s *D @ RB p s *D" F RB p s *D( L RB p s *D% I RB p s *D" F RB p s *DM  qRB  p s *DJnRB !p s *DGkRB "p s *DMqRB #p s *DJn $p <܆m  4x1 %p <8m 4x2 &p <m 4x3 'p <m  4x4 (p <LmG q.  8x1  )p <m1   4&  *p <mx_ 4r1 +p <(mpW 4&  ,p <m 8r1  -p <xm 8r2  .p <m 8r3  /p <(m  8r4 H p 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.m@U "+D=' = @B +m ' $(  r  S mY  m r  S TmqZ  m H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +i  x 1ih(  hr h S m_  m *  E  ih #"*hxhxhhE  m _h Bm?E H `(Link-Layer Packets)(2 @` h B m? E >  a NRZI Encoding"(2  @` h Bm?> E  YQPSK modulation @`  h Bm?C E  |(Convolutional Encoding L=7, R=1/2 or 3/4")(( @`  h B\m?E C  pLarge-Scale Bit Interleaving"(2 @`  h Bo?HE  n"Reed-Solomon Encoding, RS(255,238)#(2# @`ZB h s *1 ?E ZB h s *1 ?E ZB h s *1 ?C E C `B h 01 ? E ZB h s *1 ? E `B h 01 ?> E > ZB +h s *1 ?>  ZB h s *1 ?E E ZB -h s *1 ?E > E `B ,h 01 ?E E > `B *h 01 ? > ZB h s *1 ? ZB `h s *1 ?HE H h 00o K >Transmit 2  h 0o N =Receive 2   3 gh #"."RUdcdcd 3 o ch B<o ? 3> `(Link-Layer Packets)(2 @` Vh Bt$o ? , 3  aQuadrature Demodulation @` Dh B&o ? 3,  a NRZI Decoding"(2  @` Eh B0o ? 3 [Antenna Diversity @` Fh BtAo ? 5 3  w#Viterbi Decoding with Soft-Decision"$(# @` Gh BhKo ? 35  sLarge-Scale Bit De-Interleaving" (2 @` Hh BTo ? >3 n"Reed-Solomon Decoding, RS(255,238)#(2# @``B Ih 01 ? 3`B Jh 01 ? 3`B Kh 01 ? 5 35 fB Lh 61 ? 3 `B Mh 01 ? 3fB Nh 61 ? , 3, `B Oh 01 ? , `B Ph 01 ?33 `B Qh 01 ?3, 3fB Rh 61 ?3 3, fB Sh 61 ? , `B Th 01 ?  ZB Wh s *1 ? 3 ZB dh s *1 ? >3>XB \h 0DԔ  L XB ]h 0DԔB B ^B ^h 6Do  H h 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.kq+D=' = @B +m  @4$(  4r 4 S  \oP  o r 4 S `o_  o H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m ( ($(  (r ( S `oow  o r ( S  ok73 o H ( 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  X:(  Xr X S TtoP  o  X S @yo  o "P@0PpH X 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.k7+D=' = @B +m   ,$(  ,r , S `owG  o r , S Xox o H , 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m ) 0$(  0r 0 S ̙owG  o r 0 S poE/P  o H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m * 4$(  4r 4 S |owG  o r 4 S Po^  o H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 B(  ^  S -     c $ t @   8$The point is this: communication with any satellite becomes difficult when the elevation falls below 20 to 40 degrees, but even in the best situation (I.e., the satellite and user are at the same longitude), a geostationary satellite is below 40 degrees elevation at north Atlantic latitudes.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33:  0 (  ^  S -     c $~ @   &The combination of waves big enough to obscure the line-of-sight to the satellite, and high latitudes that place a geo satellite low on the horizon is probably the most difficult challenge to reliable, global SATCOM use by UUVs. Also, the depth of the fades and the long time scale are a serious challenge. Dispersion relation for deep-sea gravity waves is omega^2 = g k (or, more generally, omega^2 = g k * tanh(kd) ), where the wavenumber is k = (2 * pi)/L and the angular frequency is omega = (2 * pi)/T, L is the wavelength and T is the period. > nH  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 g(  ^  S -     c $ԍ @   ]IThis is a list of concerns from our original Phase-I proposal, conditions which represent difficulties expected by UUVs trying to communicate in harsh maritime environments. These are sorted in the next two slides into those concerns that are not major problems, and those that are addressed in the remainder of the presentation.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 PH(  ^  S -   B  c $ @   Considering in particular the example of UUV motions, comparing orders of magnitude of, say, size of motions and the wavelength of the UHF waves tells us that interaction will be a small effect.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33  0 9(  ^  S -     c $ @   /This slide and the next slide list four concerns that, although they could be issues, we believe are easily dealt with using straightforward system, mechanical, or RF design, or else they are not relevant to the operation of the proposed system (e.g., not a problem in the UFH band).H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 `C(  ^  S -     c $ @   9%From the original list of concerns, these are the ones that we believe require the most attention in communication protocols, although the low-angle question is also a bigger concern about using geostationary SATCOM satellites. The following slides takes a first look at each of these in turn.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 nf (  ^  S -   `  c $ @   This is a physicist s approach! When the length scales of two possibly interacting phenomena are widely dissimilar, the phenomena are unlikely to interact; the possibility for strong interaction increases when the length scales are similar.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33h  0 ( @(  ^  S -     c $ط @   As with length scales, when time scales differ widely, interaction tends to be minimized; when time scales are similar, interaction tends to be maximized.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33  0 ~v(  ^  S -   p  c $ @   Memoryless means that the statistical mechanisms for corrupting bits are independent in time; in a channel with memory, lost bits are strongly correlated. AWGN = Additive White Gaussian Noise BER = Bit-Error Rate H  0޽hdS ? ̙33a" 0 !(  ^  S -     c $ȓ @   We now look in much greater depth at low-level protocol strategies that will contribute most in overcoming fading in the RF maritime comms channel.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 zr (  ^  S -   l  c $Γ @   This is an overabundant schematic of the OSI 7-layer model for network communications, put here to emphasize that we are looking at fundamental communications problems and that our solution will emphasize the lowest levels of the model.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0  E(  ^  S -     c $֓ @   ;'This slide is to introduce a couple of important concepts that go along with talking about Bit-Error Rates: The presumed relation between BER and power, and The idea of coding gain AT some BER. The x-axis is energy/bit per noise-energy/unit bandwidth, a precise way of quantifying signal/noise.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33<  0 @ (   ^   S -      c $ޓ @   nThis slide outlines how we will organize our low-level protocol tradeoff discussions, plus a few other topics.H   0޽hdS ? ̙33# 0 A9`(  ^  S -   3  c $ @   There are system issues that have nothing really to do with protocols, and are outside our scope of consideration, but can affect the performance of the UHF communications system.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 h`(  ^  S -   Z  c $P @   We will recommend using TDMA as an access technique, since it provides plenty of capability and flexibility, possible compatibility with SATCOM, and basic compatibility if we were to implement our metaframing concepts.H  0޽hdS ? ̙33  0  Y(   ^   S -      c $ @   O;We have touched on issues relating to the radio system and air link (nature of noise in the channel). In the remainder we will be looking first (and briefly) at modulation techniques before moving on to a more detailed look at channel coding, then ending with some remarks about packets and higher-level protocols.H   0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 D<<(  <^ < S -   6 < c $ @   To help clarify the concepts, and to make it clearer that advanced coded-modulation schemes don t provide a useful gain in our system scenario. Despite the baud rate, which represents symbol rate in the channel and we might equate with carrier frequency, bit rate can be larger if we use a method to code more symbols by the state of the carrier.H < 0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 H2(  H^ H S -    H c $ @   (These are in-phase [I] and quadrature [Q] phase diagrams for a carrier modulated using different symbol encoding methods, i.e. different modulation schemes. BPSK= binary phase shift keying QPSK= quadrature phase shift keying,  H H 0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 PL((  L^ L S -   ? L c $? @  ?  H L 0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.:9y( 0 JB\(  \^ \ S -   < \ c $ @   The increase in power is necessary to offset the increase in noise susceptibility that comes from effectively packing more bits into a symbol transmission. In particular, telephone lines are bandwidth limited but not particularly power limited; higher throughput with modems has come about through the use of higher-order modulation techniques (plus error-correcting techniques). The current application is not particularly bandwidth limited, and power and noise can be an important issue. We recommend QPSK for its simplicity, it s relative efficiency, and its familiarity, and it s SATCOM compatibility. H \ 0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.=0'`. 0   x(  x^ x S -    x c $) @   Channel coding is not a simple process, and it has benefited remarkably from theoretical advances in just the last few decades.H x 0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.?`&}) 0 wo@|(  |^ | S -   i | c $2 @   This slide mentions names of most types of FEC techniques, so that we can discuss some tradeoffs, without going into any detail on many of them, but look more closely at the ones we recommend. Those in bold will be discussed further.H | 0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.BЙ'- 0 p(  ^  S -     c $|: @   In brief: O The group that describes a particular code has a generating polynomial O Bits are added to a block that make the total block into a polynomial that divides the generating polynomial 6  H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.D`T/ 0 ((  ^  S -     c $(D @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.H0+ 0  (  ^  S -     c $I @   Convolutional coding operates on the passing bitstream, in effect spreading information about each bit into the stream that comes behind it, allowing some bits to be lost and yet retain the ability to recover the original bitstream. H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.I~X, 0 ZR(  ^  S -   L  c $P @   As with Reed-Solomon coding, decoding the convolutionally encoded signal is much harder than encoding it in the first place. This device is a schematic of a decoding trellis. Viterbi s contribution was creating an algorithm that could estimate the maximum-likelihood path by examining a relatively short number of nodal transitions.,*v H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.J`Id 0 (  ^  S -      c $\ @   We are thinking specifically of serial concatenation in which the bitstream is fed sequentially to two different encoders; parallel concatenation is also used, e.g. in Turbo Coding schemes. There is a practical limit to concatenation of course, and the one we recommend is practically as far as it usually goes. One of the more common implementations of the concatenation idea is in CD players.H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.N@ ? 0 0O(  ^  S -     c $| ? @   E1NRZI encoding may not have been mentioned before.H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.T _ 0 3+P(  ^  S -   ;%  c $ q @  ; We found that more effort was required in the physical layer to understand and choose details correctly, to build a solid foundation for the higher protocol layers. H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.W@ER 0  (  ^  S -     c $v @   These categories are all  roughly speaking , not precisely defined.H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.X@4% 0 @8(  ^  S -   2  c $| @   ~SATCOM offers this convolutional encoding; we don t know whether existing radios implement Viterbi decoding (probably) with soft-decision processing (maybe). In addition, interleaving and RS encoding are not specified by SATCOM; it is not clear whether one could implement these usefully outside of existing radio systems, or whether they would need to be implemented  in the guts , i.e., require a new radio design to be concatenated effectively., ;^H  0޽hdS ? ̙3380___PPT10.X -l% 0 ((  ^  S -     c $@ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 ((  ^  S -     c $f @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33! 0 0((  ^  S -     c $ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33* 0 @((  ^  S -     c $ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙330 0 P((  ^  S -     c $ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙331 0 `((  ^  S -     c $ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 p((  ^  S -     c $ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33 0 ((  ^  S -   ?  c $@%? @  ?  H  0޽hdS ? ̙33$ 0 ((  ^  S -     c $0 @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33& 0 ((  ^  S -     c $0 @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33' 0 ((  ^  S -     c $ļ @    H  0޽hdS ? ̙33r@T=hj} ?|  s `U~q|yv]`d.kog'mzoLx~]WQR{ptJ;6h\݊"MJm>dN9)n0z3R>P@5Lp]N #C  8p;kK+ !#d? %bOh+'0T `h  PowerPoint PresentationJeff ShaumeyereJeff Shaumeyere74fMicrosoft PowerPointon@h@|%@>W GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___www½ݼݼ޼ü⽼޼޻¼ޙüݼüý޼ü⼶޼⻵ݑmmöݵmrlmݻÒmgm޼ݽnrlss޼rޒmmⶒݼnݵݒݻ¼ý՜.+,0      On-screen ShowYour Company Named**A 2Times New RomanOptima Wingdings ZapfDingbats Wingdings 2 HelveticaArialDefault DesignNRobust Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Satellite Communications Protocol for UUVsPhase-I ObjectivesThe Challenge&Maritime Noise Concerns Original List(Maritime Noise Concerns Non-Obstacles I)Maritime Noise Concerns Non-Obstacles IICharacteristic Length ScalesCharacteristic Time Scales"Maritime Noise Concerns Obstacles!Satellite Elevation vs. LatitudeWaves Obscuring LOSOcean Surface RoughnessNature of the RF ChannelProtocol Strategy Slide 15 BER vs. S/NTradeoffs DiscussedUUV System ConfigurationSatellite Access MethodsSystem-Level SchematicBits rate vs. Symbol ratePhysical Layer: ModulationModulation Tradeoff*Channel Coding & Forward Error CorrectionFEC Techniques & TradeoffsReed-Solomon Coding IReed-Solomon Coding IIBlock Code Performance IBlock Code Performance IIConvolutional Encoding Concept'Convolutional Encoding Characteristics2Viterbi Decoding (with Soft-Decoding Information)Concatenation ConceptThe Importance of InterleavingRecommended ConcatenationPhysical Layer DiagramLink Layer Recommendations MetaframingHierarchy of RecommendationsEasy RecommendationsMedium RecommendationsHard Recommendation  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles*&_7'jJeff ShaumeyerJeff Shaumeyer  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrtuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesCurrent UserSummaryInformation(sTPowerPoint Document(_['DocumentSummaryInformation8